Risk Assessment in a Socio-Technical System-Free-Sample for Students

Questions: 1.Write a paper on the effect of human and authoritative factors on the activity of socio-specialized frameworks. 2.Address how programming engineers adapt to chance appraisal and venture arranging as they sway the activity of socio-specialized frameworks. Answers: 1.A socio-specialized framework is a framework that makes a domain for the individuals to cooperate with innovation. With the assistance of this framework, they can identify with each other. Programming Engineers hugy affect the tasks of socio-specialized frameworks yet they likewise need to discover new and creative approaches to deal with venture arranging and the ensuing danger appraisal. Setting up a socio-specialized framework is generally perplexing. The basic parts incorporate equipment, programming, physical structure, individuals, techniques, association, information, and information structures (Dalpiaz, Giorgini and Mylopoulos 2013). Innovation has assisted with building up the cutting edge society. These improvements of the general public is legitimately affected by the human factor (Davis et al. 2014). There are different issues related, for example, productivity, viability, ease of use and wellbeing. PC innovation had been utilized to viably understand numerous difficulties, for example, improvement of the societys economy, computerization of errands that are too perplexing to even consider executing physically and some more. There was a requirement for errands to be cultivated inside a set measure of time and this brought about an engaged exertion to learn and create PCs. The social framework comprises of individuals alongside their propensities, perspectiv es, conduct styles, qualities and connections. To be completely successful, the specialized and social frameworks should help and supplement each other. For instance, if an assembling work bunch doesn't trust and help one another, they will nor have the option to meet their efficiency targets nor their cutoff times. There is absence of collaboration in organizations where the representatives have segregated workstations, forms that are non-consecutive and enormous supports in stock. Individuals need to more coordination and ought to depend on one another to accomplish better efficiency (Galegher, Kraut and Egido 2014). Associations were likewise intrigued to build up the innovation that could facilitate the manner in which they are working and even accomplish different focuses inside a brief period. They were steady towards this innovation and gave the essential material and money related assets for their architects preparing and improvement (Marshall 2014). The examination rehearses were improved to make the ideal contrast in programming designing. This implies the comprehension of the technique in the working of financial framework brought about exceptionally improved possibilities for acquiring in the business and business exercises. Programming Engineering needs an unexpected methodology in comparison to ordinary building rehearses (Wohlin 2014). The methodology for the most part relies upon the undertaking that has been alloted and the workplace. Socio-specialized frameworks will be progressively successful when the human just as authoritative elements are all around incorporated in the frameworks. 2.Risk evaluation is a vital piece of any undertaking. While building up a socio-specialized framework, programming engineers not just need to assess the dangers during the improvement the framework yet in addition the runtime chances on the individuals and the associations on execution (Haimes 2015). Different architects are expected to build up a socio-specialized framework yet programming engineers fill in as the principal and the most significant substance in the improvement of such frameworks (Jones, Artikis and Pitt 2013). Frameworks, for example, simultaneous and nonconcurrent correspondence was acquainted in different associations with interface and speak with their workers in various pieces of the world (Giesbers et al. 2014). In spite of the fact that these frameworks were intended to support the associations and the individuals, they had concerns in regards to the usage of such frameworks. Coordinated correspondence implied that individuals at various time zones needed to locate the most appropriate time that was satisfactory for both the gatherings and this made them hesitant to utilize this framework. Nonconcurrent correspondence then again was as yet acknowledged by the individuals and the associations yet the immense measure of data that streamed in every day were disorderly and were not appropriately listed before putting away. This caused data flood. In this manner, programming engineers needed to step up their hazard evaluation to manage these issues and create frameworks that focused on appropriately filling the need it was intended for. Undertaking arranging is the establishment on which a task is created. The created arrangement must intricate and must incorporate the interests of the partners, the customer and the associations (Papke-Shields and Boyer-Wright 2017). Time overwhelm and cost invade must be kept away from at any expense through legitimate arranging. Programming engineers must arrangement the improvement of a socio-specialized framework such that the present innovation is all around actualized in the venture and the result serves the mechanical needs of the customer (Fuenfschilling and Truffer 2014). Innovation changes quickly with time. The latest innovation may get unessential inside the following year. Therefore, appropriate arranging should be planned to maintain a strategic distance from time overwhelm. Along these lines, it tends to be closed from this exposition that socio-specialized frameworks assume a significant job in the advancement of the general public and the business world. Programming Engineers therefore should be imaginative while giving such arrangements. Reference List: Dalpiaz, F., Giorgini, P. what's more, Mylopoulos, J., 2013. Versatile socio-specialized frameworks: a necessities based methodology. Necessities building, 18(1), pp.1-24. Davis, M.C., Challenger, R., Jayewardene, D.N. what's more, Clegg, C.W., 2014. Progressing socio-specialized frameworks thinking: A call for grit. Applied ergonomics, 45(2), pp.171-180. Fuenfschilling, L. what's more, Truffer, B., 2014. The structuration of socio-specialized regimesConceptual establishments from institutional hypothesis. Research Policy, 43(4), pp.772-791. Galegher, J., Kraut, R.E. what's more, Egido, C., 2014. Scholarly collaboration: Social and mechanical establishments of helpful work. Brain research Press. Giesbers, B., Rienties, B., Tempelaar, D. what's more, Gijselaers, W., 2014. A powerful examination of the exchange among offbeat and simultaneous correspondence in internet learning: The effect of inspiration. Diary of Computer Assisted Learning, 30(1), pp.30-50. Haimes, Y.Y., 2015. Hazard demonstrating, appraisal, and the board. John Wiley Sons. Jones, A.J., Artikis, A. also, Pitt, J., 2013. The plan of astute socio-specialized frameworks. Man-made consciousness Review, 39(1), pp.5-20. Marshall, H.R., 2014. Computerized Technology and Adult Online Learner Preparedness: Providing Appropriate Support for Developing Computer Comperacy (Doctoral paper, Walden University). Papke-Shields, K.E. what's more, Boyer-Wright, K.M., 2017. Key arranging attributes applied to extend the board. Universal Journal of Project Management, 35(2), pp.169-179. Wohlin, C., 2014, May. Rules for snowballing in methodical writing considers and a replication in programming building. In Proceedings of the eighteenth global gathering on assessment and appraisal in programming designing (p. 38). ACM.

How Cloud Computing has Impacted Project Management

How Cloud Computing has Impacted Project Management Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!How Cloud Computing has Impacted Project ManagementUpdated On 30/01/2020Author : Ram kumarTopic : BusinessShort URL : https://hbb.me/2GASOGe CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlog“Change is the only constant in life” said Heraclitus, a Greek philosopher. Nowhere is this truer than when technology is harnessed to successfully deliver a process.  Cloud computing has brought real change to project management. Project teams are able to work effectively in separate locations, sometimes thousands of miles apart. Team members share data in real-time and communicate with tools similar to those they use socially.Project managers have had to change to keep in step. Today’s project managers are knowledgeable about the technology and ROI of cloud computing. They take more responsibility for the security of their data and they are excellent communicators, motivating specialists in different locations and making them feel like part of a cohesive team.Here we look at some of the benefits that cloud computing has brought to project management, the challenges faced by today’s project managers and where the cloud might play a part in the future.BenefitsWork anywhere, anytimeOn-premise systems rely on high quality, expensive network connections. For a regional office or project site to participate in a project, it needs a high bandwidth, low latency connection to achieve reasonable productivity for staff. The Head Office, or server location, has to handle all these incoming and outgoing connections in parallel.With a cloud service, anyone can work on the project wherever there is a dependable connection to the internet. Cloud-based project software is web-based so there is less reliance on bandwidth; team members can contribute using portable devices in remote locations in their own time zone. The project manager can ensure effective contribution from everyone o n the team.CollaborationImproved connectivity means that there is no longer a need to circulate information by email; the team can share updates in real time using their project dashboard. For a project involving sequential, dependent tasks this is highly efficient.  For example in a software development project, a tester can raise a defect and place it in the bug list. A developer can fix the bug and re-allocate it for testing, making it immediately visible to the testing team. Meanwhile, the project manager can oversee progress and observe trends in bug rates and time to fix.StorageStoring project information and documents in the cloud means there is no arbitrary limit on storage space. The service can handle projects of all sizes and the project manager can use older projects to sanity-check estimates and get a head start on a project plan. Technical staff can re-use specifications and designs.ChallengesInevitably, moving to cloud-based project management brings some additional c hallenges to the project manager.READWhat Is Good Customer Service Really About?BudgetSoftware as a Service (SaaS) allows business leaders to better understand system costs. Rather than the traditional model of purchasing hardware and software licenses as capital expenditure, SaaS systems are subscription-based. Tools for project management and team collaboration are perceived as a direct cost to the project.The project manager is responsible for the ROI and must, therefore, take on the costs and specification of the cloud services. This may include integrating on-premise and cloud solutions or transitioning data between them. Although that may be a challenge technically, it gives the project manager some flexibility, much more so than being stuck with legacy hardware and systems.Flexibility, however, can come at a high price. The cost and efficiency benefits of SaaS may encourage heads of department to move their office systems into the cloud. This presents a technical headache for a project manager who may need to feed project data into systems from competing vendors.  SecurityIn an on-premise environment, corporate specialists such as IT normally handle cyber security and data protection, with oversight perhaps from a CISO or DPO. In SaaS, there is a high reliance on the cloud provider’s systems and procedures, but the project manager must pay a larger part in implementing security policies.  TrainingThe project team needs to understand how to use the system effectively. Although web-based dashboards tend to be intuitive for simple operations, carrying out more complex tasks requires good training. It may also be necessary to train or hire a technical specialist to oversee the operation of the system.Future trendsThe single most frustrating aspect facing project managers is the unpredictability of their projects. Cloud computing and big data can help with this in two ways.Business intelligence allows the project manager to analyse past projects and unders tand what happened. Did it take longer than planned and why? What were the unbudgeted costs?Analytics takes this a step further. With a large data set and the power of cloud computing, analytics can predict the risks to a project, such as scope creep or cost overrun, allowing the project manager to plan accordingly.Change is the only constantIt’s an exciting time to be a project manager. The benefits and challenges brought by cloud computing have given project managers more flexibility and authority, enabling them to get the very best out of their teams. Big data and analytics may yet give them the foresight of Heraclitus.

Investment appraisal should add value to business entity - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1866 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Successful companies are always keen to develop and grow by investing in the new projects to sustain and maintain their strategic position in the competitive market. Therefore companies always adopt strategic planning approach also known as corporate planning for long-term which in result gives direction to the company. One of the key areas in Strategic planning is strategic decision making by the senior management, to manage the available funds by the firm , right choice of investments by using strategic analysis approach and considering whether the options meet and are consistent with the firms objectives and are acceptable to main stakeholders.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Investment appraisal should add value to business entity" essay for you Create order Financial Management analyse their available options of investments by focusing on the size of the funds need to commit to purchase lands, buildings etc, expected inflows and outflows in the future, life span of the investment and degree of risk involved in the investment. Then the management select the best possible options which are economical and profitable for the firm. This approach is known as investment appraisal. The investment appraisal process is concerned with assessing the value of future cash flows compared to cost of investment. The above discussed investment appraisal approach also contributes and on the following aspects of the business. Replacing the obsolete assets with newly developed assets. Enhancement of current products and development of new products. Increase in existing market share and introduction of new markets. Objective based fair decision making by analysing all possible alternatives Investments in profitable projects which adds value to the business. Realistic budgeting and cash flow forecasting. Considers risk involved in the projects. Therefore it can be clearly seen that Investment Appraisal approach in decision making also adds value to the Business along with selecting the most economical and profitable choices for the business in long term. Calculate payback period, NPV and IRR for each project. For each of the above methods which projects should be selected and explain why? Payback Period Method Project A Project B Year Net Cash flow Cumulative Cash flow Net Cash flow Cumulative Cash flow 0 (10,000) (10,000) (25,000) (25,000) 1 3,000 (7,000) 6,500 (18,500) 2 3,000 (4,000) 7,000 (11,500) 3 3,000 (1,000) 7,500 (4,000) 4 3,000 2,000 7,500 3,500 5 3,000 5,000 8,000 11,500 Payback period 3.33years 3.53years The above results shows that payback period of initial outlay of project A is 3.3 years which means 3 years and 4 months whereas the payback period of investments of project B is 3.5 years which means almost 3years and six months and in longer than project A, therefore projects A is more feasible compare to Project B in terms of payback of initial investment. Net Present Value Project A Year Cash flow DF @ 12.5% Present Value 0 (10,000) 1.000 (10,000) 1 3,000 0.889 2,667 2 3,000 0.790 2,370 3 3,000 0.702 2,106 4 3,000 0.624 1,872 5 3,000 0.555 1,665 NPV pound;680 Project B Year Cash flow DF @ 12.5% Present Value 0 (25,000) 1.000 (25,000) 1 6,500 0.889 5,779 2 7,000 0.790 5,530 3 7,500 0.702 5,265 4 7,500 0.624 4,680 5 8,000 0.555 4,440 NPV pound;694 Based on the Net Present Value calculation both projects have positive NPV and therefore will be suitable for the investments and will generate profits for the firm in future. We will therefore select to invest in project B because it has high NPV compare to project A. Internal Rate Of Return Project A Year Cash flow DF @ 10% Present Value 0 (10,000) 1.000 (10,000) 1 3,000 0.909 2727 2 3,000 0.826 2478 3 3,000 0.751 2253 4 3,000 0.683 2049 5 3,000 0.621 1863 NPV @ 10% pound;1,370 IRR= 10+ 1370 x (12.5-10) 1370-680 14.96% Project B Year Cash flow DF @ 10% Present Value 0 (25,000) 1.000 (25,000) 1 6,500 0.909 pound;5,909 2 7,000 0.826 pound;5,782 3 7,500 0.751 pound;5,633 4 7,500 0.683 pound;5,123 5 8,000 0.621 pound;4,968 pound;2,414 IRR= 10+ 2414 x (12.5-10) 2414-694 13.51% As indication from the above results of IRR, Project A would be accepted by project manager and potential investors. In both projects, cost of capital is same i.e. 12.5% but IRR of project A is 14.96% compare to 13.51% of project B. As per general rule, if resulted IRR is more than the interest rate then it should be acceptable but in our given scenario we will invest in project A because it has more difference between IRR and its cost of capital compare to project B. D) Explain why it is essential that discounted cash flow should be calculated when making Long Term Investment decisions. Discounted cash flow analysis is a procedure whereby the value of future cash flows are discounted back to present values using the discounted rate based on the cost of the capital available for the project, so that the economic values of future cash flows are comparable despite of timing difference. In the dearth of discounted future cash flows, resulted NPV and IRR will not appraise the project in real term and will not reflect the true picture of the investment appraisal. The key idea behind is that the value of money decline over time period due to the impact of inflation factor in eroding spending power. Investors normally like to receive their money back as soon as possible because it creates opportunities to invest new and upcoming ventures. In contrast, short term investment for instance the project for the year or less, the cash flows do not need to discount back and not require dealing with inflation .It is therefore essential to discount the cash flow so the impact of inflation and taxation on cash flows can be incorporated in projecting long term investments. E) What would happen to the NPV if; The cost of capital increased The cost of capital decreased The Net Present Value uses discounting to compute the present value of all future cash flows linked with the project The Net Present Value rely on the cash flow pattern and cost of capital which is applied. Any changes in the cash flows or in cost of capital will directly affect the resulted NPV and therefore project implementation as well. If cash flows are stagnant and cost of capital is variable then NPV will be indirectly proportional to the cost of capital. . If cost of capital increases, it affects discount factor and present value of future cash flows will decrease resulting lower NPV until reaches to negative NPV in which case investment of project will be rejected. If the cost of capital decreases then NPV will increase as can be seen in the following illustration on given date of Project B. Project B Year Cash flow PV @ 10% PV @ 12.5% PV @ 15% 0 (25,000) (25,000) (25,000) (25,000) 1 6,500 5,909 5,779 5,649 2 7,000 5,782 5,530 5,292 3 7,500 5,633 5,265 4,928 4 7,500 5,123 4,680 4,290 5 8,000 4,968 4,440 3,832 pound;2,414 pound;694 (pound;1,010) F) Explain why the NPV of relatively long term project is more sensitive to change in cost of capital than is the NPV of a short term project. One of the drawbacks of using NPV as capital budgeting specially for long term project is to accurately calculate discount rate for the project life. The NPV based on the estimated future cash flows which are to be discounted back to their present value by using discount rates whereas investments do not need to discounted because of time 0 .Also during calculating NPV of the project there can be multiple key variables which would be sensitive and the smallest changes produces the biggest results in project NPV. In reality project may have several variables which can be affected the resulted NPV and are sensitive for the project but if we concentrate and observe only the discount rate in isolation we can find that even minor change in discount rate can either adversely affect or improve the resulted NPV of the project. Therefore to select an appropriate interest rate is quite significant In the above table, we can observe as discount rates changes from 10% to 15%, the resulted NPV also changes from positive pound;2,414 to negative pound;1,010 which will not be acceptable to investors. The interest rate used for discounted should be equal to required rate of return which means that if investments would have invest to best available project or lower cost of financing .To establish effective and stable discount rate for long term projects hardly is an exact science. In real term discount rate may vary every year or even change during the year due to inflation and risk. In short term projects, inflation and risk factors do not affect a lot to interest rate comparatively in long term projects where these can affect the interest rate for each year. If we incorporate the different discount rates for each year this made NPV more complex model so lower rate of interest would be more appropriate to the extent that a long term project implies secure income stream. G) How does change in cost of capital affects the projects IRR? IRR uses discounting in a slightly different way to determine the profitability of an investment. The IRR is defined as the discount rate at which NPV value equals zero. For example in Project B, an investment yields net present value of pound;694 when discounted as 12.5 %. When we reduced the rate of interest to 10% then the resulted NPV rise to pound;2,414 and IRR was 13.51% which depicts the efficient and break even interest rate for the investment. As per general rule, IRR should be more than the discount rate then the company should invest in the project. Project B Year Cash flow PV @ 10% PV @ 12.5% PV @ 15% 0 (25,000) (25,000) (25,000) (25,000) 1 6,500 5,909 5,779 5,649 2 7,000 5,782 5,530 5,292 3 7,500 5,633 5,265 4,928 4 7,500 5,123 4,680 4,290 5 8,000 4,968 4,440 3,832 pound;2,414 pound;694 (pound;1,010) IRR= 10+ 2414 x (12.5-10) 2414-694 13.51% IRR= 10+ 694 x (15-12.5) 694+1010 15.40% As it is evident in the above calculation that if discount rate changes to then resulted IRR also changes. At 12.5% and 10% discount rates IRR is 13.51% compare to IRR of 15.40% when uses NPV by discounting at 12.5 % and 15% . In both cases IRR is higher than the discount rates and is acceptable for the project. But margin of change in interest rate second scenario is only 0.40% which can be highly risky in volatile market. h) Compare the effectiveness of NPV method with that of IRR method. There are different approaches in capital budgeting which can be used which can used investment appraisal. NPV and IRR are most popular approaches and two faces of same coin and but there are some key limitations in both approaches. The investment on the project is accepted if NPV is greater than zero after ranking NPVs of all the projects and normally provide clear indication whether to accept or reject the project whereas IRR is accepted if it is greater than cost of capital, both approaches gives different results. NPV gives result in real term means in currency whereas IRR is represented in percentage which is easy for project managers to compare with required rate of return , interest rare and inflation rate. IRR percentage can also use for managerial appraisal during divisional performance. Research also shows that NPV approach is preferred to IRR because it also incorporates and calculates additional wealth which IRR does not cover. IRR also does not give the freedom to discount the cash flows at different discount rates which is possible in the case of NPV method. If cash flows are fluctuating and inconsistent, IRR does not seems to be conclusively applicable in these circumstances where as NPV method would pose no challenge to this problem as it will take the net effect of all cash outflow and inflow and will provide the average return of the investment NPV and IRR both are difficult in the context of to estimate the accurate discount rate to use. This leads problem towards risk premium which affect the riskiness of the project. Therefore alternative approaches of investment appraisal should also be considered like sensitivity analysis, profit. In small projects Net Present Value and IRR does not generally employed. Normally projects involves variety of risks and different methods are used which gives better understating regarding the returns of investments and practical benefits of IRR and NPV calls into question and put some practical limitation in use of these methods.

Social Networking Affects Our Youth - 939 Words

Social networking has become a norm in our society. Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, Myspace are but a few examples of the relatively new phenomenon of online social networking that play a significant role in our daily lives. The popularity of online social networking sites is constantly growing having people of all ages signing up for this sites y the million. Social networking has without a doubt contributed to many positive things in our lives, it allows us to share and communicate with friends and family, meet new people, and stay connected with the world, but social networking also has its negative effects. Social networking affects our youth i many different ways, it especially affects their self esteem. Even though computers were initially developed for adults, adolescents have taken over these technology, or better said, technology has taken over adolescents. Typically, adolescents are the family experts when it comes to technology and the Internet, especially when it comes to social networking. According to research, perhaps an underestimate 73% use social networking sites (Lenhart). Moreover, despite the restrictions that these sites have for youth it does not impede them from having some sort of social networking site. The amount of time adolescents and young adults spend using electronic media has trebled in the past years. According to a recent poll, 22% of adolescents log on to their favorite social network site more than 10 times a day, and moreShow MoreRelatedAnnotated Bibliography1438 Words   |  6 PagesNegative Effect of Social Media on Society and Individuals | Chron.com. Small Business - Chron.com. Retrieved March 15 2013 lt;http://smallbusiness.chron.com/negative-effect-social-media-society-individuals-27617.htmlgt;. 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Thus, Information can be passed on through various means of technology like television radio(FM), through computers and mobile phones. Information technology has currently occupied space in every sphere whether it is the hospital, banks, schools, offices, railways, flight bookings, multinational companies and so on. For instance: we don t have to move out till railway station to book our ticket rather we can

Book Report Build A Better Barn ! - 2043 Words

Book to Brief: Build a Better Barn! TED 775- Integrating Technology in Elementary/Middle School STEM Curriculum Olivia Hippensteel Due Date 6/26/16 Children’s Literature Connection: Otis and the Tornado By: Loren Long Teacher Information: Problem to be solved: In the story, a tornado hits and the farmer and his family seek shelter underground. Unfortunately, there wasn’t time to help the animals. Otis and his animal friends gathered into Mud Creek, the lowest part of the farm and were safe. At the end, they find the barn destroyed and they rebuild it. How can the barn be rebuilt so that it can withstand a tornado and the animals can be safe inside? Design Challenge: Build a Better Barn! Students will use steps of the†¦show more content†¦One day out of nowhere the sky turned dark and stormy and a tornado appeared. The farmer and his family sought shelter in the cellar but there wasn’t time to help the animals. Otis freed the animals and took them to safety in Mud Creek. Otis can hear the bull crying from its pen and quickly goes back to save him. Otis and the Bull hide in Mud Creek with the other animals until the storm is over and return to their barn, which has been destroyed by the tornado. Together, Otis and all of the animals, even the Bull, rebuild the barn. †¢ Book Read Aloud: https://youtu.be/fKwautnw3vA †¢ The Engineering Design Process: http://www.sciencebuddies.org/engineering-design-process/engineering-design-process-steps.shtml#keyinfo Lesson Standards: ITEA (Grades 3-5): Standard 1: Students will develop an understanding of the characteristics and scope of technology. In order to comprehend the scope of technology, students should learn that: D. Tools, materials, and skills are used to make things and carry out tasks. Standard 2: Students will develop an understanding of the core concepts of technology. In order to comprehend the core concepts of technology, students should learn that: H. Resources are the things needed to get a job done, such as tools and machines, materials, information, energy, people, capital, and time. J. Materials have many different properties. L. Requirements are the limits to designing or making a product or system. Standard 7:

Competing Values Embedded In The Management-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Competing Values Embedded In The Management? Answer: Introducation The capital budgeting processes consists of the several techniques for the explanation and the projection of the cases. The table that has been constructed in the question above reveals that the net present value process has been exploited in order to predict the future cash flows in accordance to the project. The various other techniques are inclusive of the average rate of return and the payback period that can be utilised for predicting the risks that are related with the project. By having a look at the table above, it can be clarified that the net present value has been observed to be optimistic and the index of profitability of the project has been 191.89%. The net present value being positive unveils that the project is doable and the organization should activate their investment operations. The cost benefit ratio of the project is figured by taking help of the profitability index and for this scenario the value has accounted for 191.89% and in this manner demonstrating that the present value of the future cash flows is more than the amount that has been primarily invested by the company. The other data regarding the dismissal and the acknowledgment of the project can be embraced with the assistance of the incorporation of different techniques of capital budgeting like the payback period and the average rate of return. The financial statement has been developed so as to understand the matters regarding the capital structure of APN Outdoor Group, a company that is enlisted in the ASX. The financial statement has clarified the calculation of the weighted average cost of capital and the evaluation of the crucial financial ratios of the organization. Evaluation of APNs Capital Structure The WACC of APN Group has been accounted for 8.32%. An additional fund of $181.8 of equity was maintained by APN in the year 2016 for the development of the new capital structure. The organization hopes to bring down the cost of capital with the assistance of maintaining the most precise capital structure. With the help of the assessment of the annual financial report, it can be proposed that during the financial year of 2016, the proportion of debt in the capital structure has declined. The cost of capital of APN can be diminished further by raising the amount of the proportion of debt in their capital structure. The reason has been the way that the equity capital that has been disclosed and thereby has increased the interest bearing liabilities, which has diminished in the present year (Sawabe 2013). Therefore at the conclusion, it can be explained that the equity value has stayed at 38.1 in the current financial year and the general debt to capital has valued to 27.61. Evaluation of the financial ratios of APN APNs net operating cash has diminished during the last three financial year and the per share earnings of the company has been 19% lower to the target because of the present policies and the value summed up to 0.29 in the current year. The income per share has fallen significantly to 31.4 in the year 2016, which were earlier 44.4 in the year 2015. The price earnings ratio has been valued to 16.92 in the year 2017. The liquidity evaluation scenario of APN is embraced by viewing the quick, cash and the current ratios. The cash ratio of APN has been 0.38, the quick ratio has been figured to be 1.89 and the current ratio has been valued to 1.90. The interest coverage ratio has been found to be 25.96 and the debt to total asset has been found to be 0.23. APN Outdoor and the performance of its competitors Ooh Media has been discovered to be one of the significant competitors of APN Group. The capital structure of the organization is a comprehensive blend of the equity and the borrowings. The equity capital amount gets increased alongside the borrowings and thus it can be clarified that APN's capital structure is a blend of the debt and equity. There has been a change in the capital structure of APN throughout the previous three years and they have not been dependent on the loan and borrowing of equity financing. Henceforth, it can be said that the capital structure of both the organizations is a blend of financing their assets. The organization, APN Outdoor Group has established a vigorous cash flow that aids in funding the investments and establishes suitable returns for the stakeholders. Capital Structure of APN Outdoor group The capital structure of an organization is a blend of the equity and debt with the purpose of funding the asset. Cost of capital has been found to be the rate of return that is foreseen by the organization on the earnings over the capital as an alternate amount of funding alongside the availability of risk (Averin et al., 2016). The changes in the capital structure directly affect the weighted average cost of capital. Subsequently, in order to increase the market value, it is essential for the company to bring down their cost of capital. The cost of capital of an organization can be brought down with the assistance of redesigning their capital structure and it is to be observed that the cost of capital does not outperform the expected rate of return. The cost of capital being lesser would make investment in the new projects inexpensive. Conclusion The evaluation of the situations that have been discussed earlier in this report, it can be described that the capital structure of APN Outdoor Group comprises of the equity and the debentures. They have been providing suitable returns to their shareholders and hence the company has been paying higher level of dividends to their shareholders. The revenue and the earnings before tax and the interest of the organization has been seen to have an upward trend that in a way has provided satisfactory returns to the shareholders. Reference List Averin, O. I., Kolesnik, N. F., Makarova, L. M. (2016). The Integration of the Accounting System for Implementing World Class Manufacturing (WCM) Principles. European Research Studies, 19, 53. Sawabe, N. (2015). Value-driven responsibility accounting-dynamic tensions generated by competing values embedded in the management control system (No. e-14-020).

The events that led to the Great War Essay Example

The events that led to the Great War Essay The First World War which is alternatively known by many names such as the World War 1, the Great War, the Global War, and / or, the War to End All Wars, took place   between 1914- 1918 in Europe. It is estimated that over 40 million people died including both   civilians and the military service. The full throttle of the war is exhibited by the fact that in Europe alone, over 60,000 soldiers were deployed to fight in the war. The cause of this war is explained by the historians as touching on economic and military rivalry between Germany and Britain. It held by the same group that the German economy was growing in leaps and bounds so that it was overtaking the British. This translated into military competition which saw rivalry in the construction and the manufacturing of the powerful naval military ships known then as the Droughnut. However, the war was catapulted into actuality with the Sarajevo Assassination on June 28th   1914, which delivered the death of the Austria Hungarian Archduke, and heir to the throne, Franz Ferdinand. The action had been carried out by a Serbian student. This incidence was then followed by series of reactions in the form of alliances, only to culminate into the World War one. Austria Hungarian government consequently set a set of demands that were to be fulfilled by Serb, two of them being that the Serbian government was to hand over the culprits to Austria Hungary, and that Serbia was to open up her borders to Austria Hungary police to carry out inspections. Failure to observe these elicited a declaration of war against   Serbia on 28th July.   In return, Russia threatened carrying out war against Austria Hungry, should the latter attack Serbia. The affair took a sudden twist when Germany declared war on Russia on condition that Russia attacks Austria Hungary (Ramarque, pp.23 0). The Entente powers (the France and the Britain) also declared war on Germany, and Austria Hungary- an affair which was concluded by the declaration of war on Russia and the Entente forces. This led to the collapse of diplomatic communication and relations in Europe which is always a catalyst two war. We will write a custom essay sample on The events that led to the Great War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The events that led to the Great War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The events that led to the Great War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Events that made America join the Great War. There are various developments which compelled President Woodrow Wilson who had taken a neutral stand on the war,   to consider joining the war in 1917. Mos t of these factors were raised by the emerging German bullying stance towards the US and other countries. For instance, Germany had extended an olive branch to Mexico, promising to restore the land that Mexicans lost to the US in the Mexican American war, but only on condition that Mexico would fight on the side of the Germans against the Allies. Germanys quest for victory in the war also seemed to interfere with economic interests of the US. For instance, America had been supplying arms to Britain in the course of the war. Germany attempted to curtail these series of activities so as to weaken Britain by closing the supply routes and exchange points. To this end, the Germany army killed many Americans by sinking the Tuscania and the Lusitania. America did not take this very kindly (Ward, pp.34). In addition to the above developments, courtesy of the bullying tactics, Germans had taken to attacking even countries that had embraced neutrality towards the war. Germany attacked Bulgaria which was very neutral for instance. There was no surety on the side of Woodrow Wilson that through neutrality, America was therefore automatically insulated from German attacks. Germans attacks were so severe in the sense that German was the first to use poison gas. German victory also did not seem to carry the prospects that augured well with the American economy. This is because, upon defeat,the Allies (Britain, France and Russia) would suffer financial challenges and imposed responsibility by Germany. America on the other hand had something at stake in this, by the virtue that   she had lent financial assistance to countries like Britain. Paying back the money would be difficult for Britain if she lost the war. Why America hesitated joining the Great War. America took too long to enter the war seemingly because it was a conglomeration of many nations and races. This is because, even before the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus, there were other people who inhabited the land. Most of these people included   the Amerindians. More people began to settle in America from Britannia Island and other parts of Europe. The activities of slave trade also sealed the multiraciality of America as she became populated by the black race. This made it hard for America to take sides against or for other nations since   she was a nation of many nations. It is also held by historians that America considered the prospects of the war as profitable given the fact that Britain and her allies were obtaining arms from America. More reluctance on the side of the US according to the historians, must have been also facilitated by self delusion that by taking a neutral stand, America was bound to lose nothing. As the war proceeded, America was to be surprised into action by the economic and political hemorrhage she was suffering. Factors that led to the high death rates in the War. The casualties in the World War One were statistically and alarmingly high due to the fact that the weapons that were used, unlike those that had been used before, were more technologically sophisticated. For instance, the Germans had already came up with M1913 bombs , the discus bomb and the M1913 dark powdered baller kugel grenade which were all detonated by mere friction. There was also the rifle grenade which was used by both sides. Poison gas were used in the war, having the capacity to kill the victim who merely inhales it. For instance, the Germans used the Chlorine gas which worked against the victim, by attacking the lungs and consequently leaving the victim dead in his own bodily manufactured fluids. The French also invented and used the Phosgene gas. Action rifles with the ability to fire more than 10 rounds/ min. were also used. Some of these were the German 7.92 mm. Gennehr and 98 Mauser rifles which had a lot of accuracy and speed. The Germans were also the first ones to use the snipers in the battle. The maxim gun was also used in the battle for more effectiveness. Starting from 1916, tanks began to be used in the war. In addition to all these, zeppelins were also used to drop bombs while submarines were also used to capsize the enemy ships.   All these, combined with the use of electricity and fire throwers, really caused a lot of unprecedented numbers of deaths, harm and extensive damage of capital (Frank, pp. 77). World War 1 Elements that promoted World War 2. The Worlds War One promoted the World War Two in the sense that it had sparked the need for the stocking of weapons for future display of political and military strength. The more lethal the weapons were, the better it would be for the possessor. In a nutshell, the world war one placed an insatiable thirst for military power. In between the First and the Second World War, there was secret manufacturing of weapons and proliferation of military formulas. This fact is clearly demonstrated by the fact that the World War Two was fought with more advanced weaponry, though they were the same. For instance, the US sunk the Japanese war ships using the sub marines. In addition to this, gun fires and the airfield firing were used- but at an advanced level. The First World War was also fought on issues that were serious such as the military race. Yet, after the conclusion of the Great War, the were no international efforts to deal with weapons and global safety. The League of Nations and president Woodrow Wilsons 14 Points were noble attempts at global peace but these lacked stringent instruments of coercion , and thus leaving loopholes for further manufacturing of weapons. During World War One, America did not appear to have the atomic bomb it used to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki since it never used them. Even the tactics that were used to lure or provoke other nations into war in the Great War are the same ones that were used in the Second World War. The Nazi Germany had again provoked the US through cartoons, and by declaring war on US. Japan also attacked China that was neutral, with a high population also being US citizens. Competitive interests were real in the sense that japan and America were both interested in the Pacific (Lesaffer, pp. 400). Factors that led to the collapse of the Post World War 1 Institutions. The institutions of the World War One failed because of the financial constraints that existed in the US ( and other parts of the world), otherwise known as the Great Depression. This is chiefly because the the First World War had huge financial impacts on the US. For instance, the loans worth 22 billion dollars   that were given to the Allies before and during World War 1, was never returned due to the fact that the Allies were also under financial distress. America also involved herself in the war during and after 1917, thereby making the mistake of shifting attention to the manufacturing of the military weapons. In some instances, some factories were transformed from the manufacturing of consumable products to the manufacturing of weapons. After the war was over, there were cases of very high demand for consumables, compared to their distribution. Financial institutions fell after the war because, in order to reverse the financial distress, these institutions gave out high risks loans to the farmers, business men and to the soldiers who had returned from the war. Most of these loans were never recovered, and thus exposing the institutions to bankruptcy. The matters were made worse by the nation wide drought which mostly affected the Mid West farmer. Given that the drought was so severe, the farmers were left with no crops to sell, against debts to pay (the loans). The drought also caused more financial constraints stemming from dearth in food supply. The US government also tried to reverse the situation around by instituting high tariffs to protect businesses. However, the US multinational corporations that specialized in foreign trade were left to suffer more setbacks at the hands of high tariffs. In the same wavelength, Some of these financial firms such as banks and cooperatives were not insured against bad debts- an issue that was further aggravated by the fact that the majority of these loans were not paid back (Ungvary, pp.450). The dangers of Allied Reparations against Germans. The German Reparation Program was carried out in the Inter war period, facilitated by   conferences such as the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, and were branded the Economic Consequences for Peace. The danger of the Allied Reparation against Germany was that it could lead Germany into a massive case of economic doldrums. This is because, the program was too laborious in a financial sense, given the fact that it was to be fulfilled by Germany in three phases, also known as the bonds. The Bond A meant Germany making the restitution for the direct damages that had been caused in the course of the war. Bond B was supposed to facilitate the issuance of financial provision to the allies, while Bond C was to ensure that Germany facilitated rigorously, the economic recovery of the states she considered enemies (Stabler, pp. 200). The glaring fact of this undertaking being so dangerous is seen in the fact that the Allies came up with the Sovereign Debt Theory to ensure that Germany paid in full for the reparations. Otherwise, this concept allowed the imposition of sanctions and embargoes against Germany if she defaulted payment. Therefore, the dangers that the Allied Reparation policy posed against Germany included, the high likelihood that since this bill was too high for Germany, it would therefore cause Germany to undergo economic depression, political instabilities, hunger and the return of militarism. Others who looked into this matter with a cool head saw in this, an artifice to debilitate Germany both economically and militarily. This was especially true by the fact that among the Reparation orders, Inspection orders were also included to monitor the, manufacturing of arms in Germany. To this end, Germany was susceptible to loosing some geographical territories which were very rich in minerals, such as the Alsace Loraine. It is an obvious case that a country with a plummeted territory and inundated budget will definitely be very weak. Another fear a part from the two, was that Germany in defiance to these draconian measures, would resort to another war. However, it is true to state that the overall go al in this affair was to contain the strength of Germany. Realization of the fears of the Reparations. Fears were realized about Germany losing some political and military weight. For instance, Germany had her Ruhr District occupied by Belgium and France, upon having defaulted the payment in 1922. However, this was more temporal than permanent. Therefore, there is lucidity in saying that these fears were realized but not in full. This was because Germany also had immense economics knowledge which was displayed when she chose to disperse these burdens by making credit payment. On the other hand however, Germany experienced internecine communist insurrections, thus, threatening its political cohesion. Albeit, it seems as if the Allies were not so successful in exterminating their fears by trying to debilitate Germany since Germany sill had the military might which it displayed well by being the antagonist to America in the course of Word War Two. Failures of Wilsons Fourteen point. The Fourteen Points were crafted by Woodrow Wilson and delivered in speech to a United States congress joint session on January 8th 1918, with a dominant aim of ensuring that the war in Europe was   fought with a just cause. Although Europe welcomed the Fourteen Points, Woodrows Allied colleagues such as Lloyd George, Clemenceau and Orlando held reservations towards the proposition, citing some loopholes. For instance, Wilsons Freedom of the seas was not going to auger well with many nations given the fact that the World War One was sill in progress. Even after the conclusion of the Great War, there was still acrimony among nations which was evident in some nations wanting to cut down the powers of other nations that were considered as being too strong. It is to this end teat instead of the adoption of the Freedom of the sea concept, nations resorted to the Reparation policies as a way of diffusing diplomatic tension. The concept of the Freedom of the seas, although crafted and proposed out of good will, yet portrayed pitfalls since at that time (1918), any nation that would adapt it, would be very vulnerable to external attacks via the sea. The concept of Free trade also does not auger well with the Least Developed Countries (the LDCs) since it facilitates the global transfer of capital from one country to the other through the open or free market. This leaves the LDCs who are less developed shortchanged since the LDCs compete with the developed economies who due to industrialization, have much superior products. These superior products invade and flood the markets of the LDCs making the products of the LDCs lack market. Consequently this frustrates the industrialization process of the LDCs. However, the Fourteen Points also did well since it catalyzed the conclusion of the Great War when the German imperial, Maximilian of baden in 1918 came across the Fourteen Points and decided to call off the war. It is also out of the Fourteen Points that the League of Nations was formed as the United Nation in embryo. Propositions such as Freedom of the seas and equality of trade have brought about foreign trade, while the concept of open mindedness have also promoted democracy.